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Poling (metallurgy)
Poling is a method employed in the purification of copper which contains cuprous oxide as an impurity. The impure metal, usually in the form of molten blister copper, is placed in an anode furnace for two stages of refining.〔''Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Fourth Edition'', Eds W G Davenport, M King, M Schlesinger and A K Biswas (Elsevier Science Limited: Kidlington, Oxford, England, 2002).〕 In the first stage, sulfur and iron are removed by gently blowing air through the molten metal to form iron oxides and sulfur dioxide.〔J J Oudiz, "Poling processes for copper refining," ''Journal of Metals'', December 1973, 35–38.〕 The iron oxides are skimmed or poured off the top of the copper and the gaseous sulfur dioxide exits the furnace via the off-gas system. Once the first ''oxidation'' stage is complete, the second stage (''reduction'' or ''poling'') begins. This involves using a reducing agent, normally natural gas or diesel (but ammonia,〔 liquid petroleum gas,〔 and naphtha〔N B Gray, M J Hollitt, R G Henley and J Pritchard, "Investigation and modelling of anode furnaces and casting operations at Mount Isa Mines, Ltd., Queensland, Australia," ''Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)'', 91, June 1982, C54–C63.〕 can also be used), to react with the oxygen in the copper to form copper oxide. In the past, freshly cut ("green") trees were used as wooden poles.〔〔John B Huttl, "'Poling' becomes ancient history at Phelps Dodge smelters," ''E&MJ'' Volume 162, No. 7, July 1961, 82–85.〕 The sap in these poles acted as the reducing agent. The heat of the copper makes the pole emit a gas that reduces the cuprous oxide to copper.
It was the use of these poles gave rise to the term "poling".
Care must be taken to avoid removing too much of the oxygen from the anode copper, as this will cause other impurities to change from their oxide to metallic states and they will remain in solid solution in the copper, reduce its conductivity and change its physical properties.〔
==References==
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